Reflective Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Intelligent Journal - Assignment Example I can add to supportable advancement by changing my way of life in significant manners. I can screen my utilization of water with the goal that I don't squander it or use it superfluously. I can likewise discard recyclable material appropriately and discard all waste fittingly. I can diminish my utilization of vitality and non-renewable energy sources with the end goal of lessening carbon emanations. Whenever the situation allows, I can likewise give to foundation for taking care of the poor to lessen their dependence on the misuse on marine life and other characteristic food sources. Talk 2: The three primary concerns were: Sustainable improvement turned into a state commitment by means of the Rio Declaration of 1992; states’ commitment are repudiated by different UN Resolutions awards states power over their characteristic assets; and that atmosphere changes currently requires open interest through the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992. Instructional exercise 2: I added to responding to the different inquiries brought up in Tutorial 2. These inquiries identified with the job of the UN in worldwide ecological law, recognizing the standards of natural insurance contained in the Rio Declaration of 1992, and different inquiries comparative with the definition and lawful nature of bargains and shows. I saw that there was a noteworthy issue with regards to universal natural law. The different instruments were just official on states and don't make arrangement for non-state entertainers. It can hence be expected that non-state actors’ impact on the earth are secured by national law. On the other hand, as a non-state on-screen character, I can decide to step up to the plate and dependably utilize just earth cordial products and guarantee that my decisions and conduct don't add to an exhaustion of regular assets. Talk 3: Three primary concerns are: As the earth’s assets are diminishing the total populace is expanding; meanwhile, the world is encountering environmental change and carbon discharges from petroleum derivatives is the

The Rights and Responsibilities of Green Card Holders

The Rights and Responsibilities of Green Card Holders A green card or legitimate changeless residency is the movement status of an outside national who goes to the United States and is approved to live and work in the United States permanently. A individual must keep up perpetual inhabitant status on the off chance that he decides to turn into a resident, or naturalized, in the future. A green card holder has lawful rights and duties as specified by the U.S. Customs and Immigration Services (USCIS) office. U.S. changeless residency is referred to casually as a green card on account of its green plan, first presented in 1946. Legitimate Rights of U.S. Changeless Residents U.S legitimate changeless occupants reserve the privilege to live for all time in the United States gave the inhabitant doesn't submit any activities that would make the individual removable under movement law U.S. perpetual occupants reserve the option to work in the United States at any lawful work of the inhabitants capability and picking. A few employments, similar to government positions, might be constrained to U.S. residents for security reasons. U.S. perpetual occupants reserve the option to be ensured by all laws of the United States, the condition of habitation and nearby wards, and can travel unreservedly all through the U.S. A lasting occupant can claim property in the U.S., go to government funded school, apply for a drivers permit, and if qualified, get Social Security, Supplemental Security Income, and Medicare benefits. Lasting inhabitants can demand visas for a companion and unmarried youngsters to live in the U.S. also, can leave and come back to the U.S. under specific conditions. Obligations of U.S. Perpetual Residents U.S. changeless inhabitants are required to comply with all laws of the United States, the states, and regions, and must document personal government forms and report pay to the U.S. Inward Revenue Service and state burdening specialists. U.S. lasting occupants are relied upon to help the law based type of government and not change the legislature through unlawful methods. U.S. perpetual inhabitants must keep up migration status after some time, convey verification of lasting occupant status consistently and tell USCIS of progress of address inside 10 days of relocation. Males age 18 up to age 26 are required to enlist with the U.S. Specific Service. Medical coverage Requirement In June 2012, the Affordable Care Act was ordered that commanded all U.S. residents and perpetual occupants must be taken on medicinal services protection by 2014. U.S. changeless occupants can acquire protection through the state social insurance trades. Legitimate settlers whose pay falls underneath administrative neediness levels are qualified to get government sponsorships to help pay for the inclusion. Most perpetual occupants are not permitted to try out Medicaid,â a social wellbeing program for people with restricted assets until they have lived in the United States for at any rate five years. Consequencesâ of Criminal Behavior A U.S. changeless inhabitant could be expelled from the nation, declined reemergence into the United States, lose lasting occupant status, and, in specific conditions, lose qualification for U.S. citizenship for participating in crime or being indicted for a wrongdoing. Different genuine infractions that could influence changeless residency status incorporate distorting data to get migration advantages or open advantages, professing to be a U.S. resident when not, casting a ballot in a government political decision, routine medication or liquor use, participating in various relationships one after another, inability to help family in the U.S., inability to document assessment forms and obstinately neglecting to enlist for Selective Service whenever required.

Bio-science Example

Bio-science Example Bio-science â€" Essay Example > Bio-science1. Drugs which act on serotonin receptors are important for managing both migraines, mood disorders (e. g. antipsychotic) and vomiting: a. For each of these conditions name one drug (using generic drug names)which is used in Australia and acts via serotinergic receptors. b. Explain the mechanism of action of each drug (i. e. how does it work? ). c. What is serotonin syndrome and why might ecstasy cause symptoms of serotonin syndrome? 1. a. The triptans act via serotinergic receptors as they are 5-HT1B/1D agonists targeting the trigeminovascular system. Sumatriptan is a triptan used in the management of migraine (Spierings del Rio, 2002). A class of drugs used in the treatment of mood disorders, which act via the serotinergic receptors are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Citalopram is an SSRI used in the management of mood disorders (Rollema Sprouse, 2005). The 5-HT3-receptor agonists are a class of drugs u sed in the management of vomiting, as they are capable of blocking the 5-HT-3 receptor sites efficiently. Ondansetron is a 5-HT3-receptor agonist used in the management of migraine (Husband Worsley, 2007). 1.b. Many of the triptans that are in current use for the management of migraine have selective serotonin receptor agonist activity. This action of the triptans causes constriction in the arteriovenous anastomes. Thus it is posited that the triptans ability to control migraine is based on this constriction of the arteriovenous anastomes. Sumatriptan brings about constriction in the superficial temporal artery. In addition Triptans like sumitriptan have demonstrated the capability to inhibit the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide, which is responsible for the mediation of the vasodilation element of neurogenic inflammation (Spierings del Rio, 2002). In essence the mode of action of the SSRIs can be taken as making more serotonin available in the extracellular environmen t, by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic cell. This enhanced extracellular level of serotonin makes for higher levels of serotonin to bind with the postsynaptic receptor (Rollema Sprouse, 2005). The mechanism involved in vomiting consists of the formation of local free radicals as a result of cytotoxic agents or other substances that are potentially toxic. These free radicals bring about the release of 5-HT from the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract. 5-HT is the stimulus for the 5-HT3 receptors present on the adjacent vagal afferent neurons to cause a vigorous vomiting response. 5-HT3- receptor agonists, like ondansetron, block the 5-HT3 receptors in the GI tract, the chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the nucleus tractus solitarius efficiently, to inhibit the vomiting response triggered by the 5-HT3 receptors. (Husband Worsley, 2007). 1.c. Birmes et al 2003, p. 1439 define serotonin syndrome as “the result of over stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors by selec tive serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) or other serotonergic agents”. Serotonin syndrome can occur to any individual irrespective of age or sex triggered by an overdose of a serotonergic agent, and occurs within the time interval of twenty-four hours from the overdose event. The three features of mental, autonomic and neurological disorders characterize serotonin syndrome. Serotonin is life threatening, but normally serotonin syndrome is not fatal, when effectively managed (Birmes et al 2003).

Music Industry And Practice Music Production - 1726 Words

I know how much of a clichà © it is to begin this essay with the same, â€Å"I knew I wanted to be music ever since I was a little girl†, line in which you’ve probably heard over a thousand times, but I can honestly say that music has been the only passion I have continuously stuck by. I began writing songs when I was nine years old and I knew then that this was something I wanted to pursue. Therefore, when I heard there was an opportunity for me to learn about the music industry and practice music production, I couldn’t help but to apply. I think I could fit into the Tisch Summer High School Recorded Music Program, because of my experience in collaborative environments, creating music, and my overall desire to involved in this program. When†¦show more content†¦I was assigned to create the veins with two of my classmates. Our job was to form life sized models of the six main veins located in the body. Each week we would gather in or outside of class to mold, paint, and fill our body’s veins. We used clear tubing to act as the main structure and wrapped different types of yarn around the tubing to add the colors of the veins. While completing this job, I took on the leadership position within the group. Setting deadlines, organizing materials, and making sure everyone did their part wasa role I took myself. I made sure to include the creative input from all members. For example, the group, as a whole, decided on the materials and how to put the body system together. My experience with the Frankenstein project allowed me to understand the importance of group cooperation and communication. I learned in order to have a productive group you need to be willing to compromise and take others perspectives into consideration. Part of what makes group projects great are the multiple perspectives and ideas that are available, so it is necessary to take advantage of all of them. Another important aspect is communication. Whether it’s over emails or text messages, knowing what is going on and when it is going on is key. Within this experience I also learned about what I can contribute into other collaborative environments. As a person I tend to be very easy-going and

Clark Surname Meaning and Origin

The Clark surname is an occupational name for cleric, clerk, or scholar - one who can read and write, from the Old English cler(e)c, meaning priest.  Also from the Gaelic Mac a Chlerich/Cleireach; son of the cleric or, sometimes, clerk. During the Middle Ages, the common pronunciation of -er was -ar, so the man who sold items was the marchant, and the man who kept the books was the clark. At the time, the primary members of the literate class were the clergy, which in minor orders were allowed to marry and have families. The term clerk (clark) eventually came to designate any literate man. The Cleary / OClery surname, one of the oldest surnames in Ireland, is often anglicized to Clarke or Clark. Clark is the 25th most popular surname in the United States and the 34th most common in England. Clarke, with an e, is actually more common in England - coming in as the 23rd most popular surname. It is also a very common name in Scotland (14th) and Ireland. Surname Origin English, Irish Alternate Surname Spellings ï » ¿CLARKE, CLERK, CLERKE Famous People With the Surname CLARK William Clark - one half of the legendary Lewis Clark expedition to the Pacific Ocean, along with Meriwether Lewis.Guy Clark - American singer/songwriterArthur C. Clarke - British science fiction writer, best known for 2001: A Space Odyssey Genealogy Resources for the Surname CLARK 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Clark(e) Surname DNA ProjectThis project was started to determine if the early Clark families in Virginia were of the same family, and/or if they were connected to explorer William Clark. The project has now expanded to include a broader scope of Clark families around the world. Clark Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Clark surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Clark query. There is also a separate forum for the CLARKE variation of the Clark surname. FamilySearch - CLARK GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Clark surname and its variations. DistantCousin.com - CLARK Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Clark. ----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Principal methods for healthcare research Free Essays

Introduction Bulimia Nervosa (BN) is an eating disorder, which is characterised by repeated episodes of over eating and bingeing and by a set of compensatory behaviours intended to cause weight loss which includes vomiting, purging, fasting and excessive exercise. The American Psychiatric society (A.P. We will write a custom essay sample on Principal methods for healthcare research or any similar topic only for you Order Now A. DSM-IV, 2000) and the World Health Organisation ( World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva, Switzerland: W.H.O., 1992), both suggest the following diagnostic criteria for the disorder 1. A persistent preoccupation with eating and irresistible craving for food. 2 .Repeated episodes of binging/overeating in which large quantities /amounts of food are consumed 3. Patients experiencing BN take excessive measures to compensate for the ‘fattening‘effects of food e.g. vomiting, purging and fasting. The Beating Eating Disorder Association (BEAT). Formerly known as the Eating Disorders Association, a voluntary sector group in the UK., as provided figures that up to 1.15 million people in the UK, experience a significant problem with BN, and up to 90.000 people are receiving treatment at any one time. It is not therefore surprising that BN is a major and widespread problem. Consequently a number of treatments have been developed and trialled, based on focused research, and developing an evidence base. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE). Published guidance in 2004, (Eating disorders: Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2004). Which recommends Cognitive Behavioural therapy (CBT) as an efficacious treatment as well as Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s) such as Fluoxetine. Research in this area is an important on a number of counts. Firstly, on clinical intervention grounds so that the treatment offered for the disorder can be expanded and improved and secondly given that the Disorder was only recognised in 1979 ( Russell, G.1979), and with a widespread epidemiology, sufferers experiences of the disorder are important in clinical practice to deepen understanding of sufferers experiences.. The two papers presented here both focus on the condition from different perspectives and ask different questions. The first paper is a qualitative study: Binge and purge Processes in Bulimia Nervosa: A Qualitative Investigation (Jeppson et al. 2003) using a grounded theory design focusing on the two core diagnostic behaviours of BN; binging and purging. They aimed to elucidate information on these processes and their function for Bulimic’s experience. The second paper is a comparative intervention study, following a quantitative research design – a form of Randomised Control Trial (RCT) – Cognitive-Behavioural, Fluoxetine and Combined Treatment for Bulimia Nervosa: Short- and Long-term Results (Jacobi et al.2002). Both papers illustrate their design paradigms and contain a number of flaws, which will be discussed in relation to their respective research methods. Their Respective Research Design and philosophy Jeppson et al(2003), deployed a qualitative research design, which followed a grounded theory approach (Glaser Strauss,1967). Grounded theory was originally developed by these social researchers, before the approach ‘split’ into different camps, (Stebbins, R.A., 2001), the approach essentially emphasizes the ’generation of theory’ from data that is acquired in the actual process of conducting the research. So rather than beginning with an hypothesis that needs to be tested that is the hallmark of the experimental quantitative research design, grounded theory begins the research process with an aim for exploration. The quantitative paradigm illustrated by the Jacobi et al. (2002) paper, forms the basis of RCT’s and Therapy trials which are common in much of health care research, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and treatment approaches/interventions to Bulimia Nervosa. At its philosophical ‘core’ is the notion of empiricism (Owen, F. Jones R, 1977), whereby quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships are observed and studied. Thus the process of measurement is crucial to the paradigm and this affords the connection between ‘empirical’ observations i.e did X effect Y and mathematics, through the expression of quantitative relationships As measurement is crucial to the quantitative paradigm, the choice of Randomised Comparison Study is entirely appropriate for the Jacobi investigation, as it wants to compare the treatment effects of three different conditions treating the disorder. Studies of this type are a form of scientific experiment, with RCT’s often referred to as the ‘gold standard’ for intervention studies (Cartwright, A. 2007). They are often used for ‘safety’ studies in drug trials and for testing the effectiveness of clinical interventions and services The two research studies presented here, display different philosophical foundations, which shape their whole approach to research deign. The Contrasting Research Hypothesizes Jeppson et al (2003), developed an aim for their qualitative study based on previous research they had encountered on the BN binge-purge process that is seen to be central to the disorder. The study was not concerned with assessing the ‘effects’ of interventions on binge and purge behaviour, but rather to try and understand what these behaviours meant and the functions they served for the patients they studied. They considered in previous research that quantitative methods, had focused on self-monitoring of these episodes and ranking them to ‘measure’ links to mental state e.g. Stress, and had deemed that it had not sufficiently led to an understanding of their function as experienced by BN patients themselves. They had an idea that these behaviours were crucial and played a part in assisting sufferers with their ‘emotional regulation’, but were curious and wished to expand an understanding of their role. They therefore set out with an ‘aim’ for the research to find out what BN patients experiences of these two processes and the meanings /function they served for them, I believe this ‘aim’ was entirely congruent with the qualitative method, and provided a question that RCTs looking at interventions had not and could not study. The Jacobi et al., paper(2002), asked a different set of questions. They were interested in how CBT compared with the SSRI – Fluoxetine, and a combination of them both . They considered that both the psychological (Wilson, G.T., Fairburn, C.G., 1993) and pharmacological interventions (Goldstein et al.,1995) had developed an evidence base for treating BN. They designed an ambitious study to investigate the question of the relative short and long-term effectiveness of the three interventions. They questioned whether the combined approach would be more beneficial in the long-term, as previous research studies investigating a combination approach, had experienced high drop-out rates due to the side effects of the of the SSRI, which may have influenced their results. The study did not include a control or placebo condition, which would be the normal procedure for intervention type studies.The reason for this was that they considered previous research had demonstrated the effectiveness of CBT and Fluoxetine, and was not needed. The study had four aims: To compare the effectiveness of CBT, Fluoxetine and there combination, to compare the short and long-term effects of these treatments. To inquire about the possible ‘additive’ effect of combined intervention and to examine the differential effects of the treatments. These types of intervention question are suitable for a randomised study as the questions Jacobi and team are asking are essentially ones of intervention and differential effectiveness/measurement on a number of variables e.g. Binging and purging episodes, short and long term effects as ascertained by validated psychological questionnaires and clinical interview. Approaches to sampling It is generally considered that sample size is generally much smaller in qualitative studies than those recruited for quantitative studies such as RCT’s (Cresswell,J.W., 2003). As qualitative studies are generally smaller in size, criticisms have been leveled at this paradigm. Although the paradigm does not seek to study the ‘total‘ population, issues surrounding diversity and variation within a population are often cited (Jones,2007). The Jeppson study used only eight participants The approach to sampling used in the study is important as the process of selecting participants is relevant to the aims of the study. They used purposeful sampling to generate the data for their enquiry. Purposeful sampling generally refers to the selection of participants who have experience or knowledge of the area under investigation (Procter et al, 2010) As all participants were selected with a specific diagnosis of BN (APA., DSM-IV,1994) they would all currently have experiences of the processes under investigation. They were recruited from a suburban area in Utah, USA., Descriptive information, including socio economic variation, inpatient and out patient status and educational information was given.This form of sampling used in the study is not random or based on statistical probability as in quantitative studies. Sampling in quantitative research design, especially RCT’s, differs. This type of sampling is in essence the selection of of observable units, which can be measured (Maxim, P.S., 1999). As outlined in the introduction, BN is widespread in the UK (and other european countries). It is not possible in the Jacobi study to observe the effects of the treatment interventions with the whole population of people experiencing BN. Therefore quantitative studies tend to study a sample of the group or population which may represent the larger population. The study recruited its patents by a mixture of media advert and direct referral to the Department of Psychology at the University of Hamburg. All underwent telephone screening, by a clinician not involved in the study (to assess inclusion criteria) and a semi structured psychiatric interview,and physical examination As selecting people for therapy trials is open to sampling errors, in that some people selected,may be ‘exceptional’ or ‘different’ from those of the larger ‘Bulimic’ population.The method attempts minimize these possibilities, by careful inclusion/exclusion criteria and the random distribution of the participants into one of the three treatment conditions[1] The size of sample for the Jacobi study is more important than the qualitative study, to gain meaningful results. Data Collection Methods and Data analysis The Jeppson et al study (2003) study, collected its data from interviewing eight participants who agreed to take part in the study, by using a semi-structured interview format, lasting one hour. The semi-structured format differs from a more limited ‘formalized’ set of questions, by nature of its flexibility. It allows for new questions to be added in response to what the interviewee says, inviting and generating further information, which the study utilised. The study used a ‘framework’ and ‘interview guide’, which is a collection or set of topics to guide the interview process (Lindlof Taylor, 2002). The paper, makes reference to this, but does not provide specific details of what constituted the ‘guide. To enhance validity, ‘member checks’ were conducted post interview, all participants received a 20 minute phone call, where findings were ‘shared’; allowing corrective feedback on accuracy. Transcripts were also read by three mental health professionals The study reported that ‘redundancy’ or theoretical saturation occurred between interview 5-7. Grounded theory employs this framework, so sampling frame may be modified as a result of a process deemed, ‘constant comparison analysis’ i.e, that data is determined by its recurrence and re-evaluation to assist with the ‘theorizing process’ of the area under investigation. The type of process involved in the purposeful sampling used in Jeppson’s study, accepts that it is impossible to identify ahead of time, all categories of emergent data that the researcher needs to review. So its is purposely designed to pursue data collection categories to the point of concept or ‘data saturation’, which occurs when the data is stable and the pattern(s) unlikely to change (Locke,2001). They found this occurred during the interviewers 5-7, and added 1 further interview according to protocol. (Lincoln Guba, 1985) Once Jeppson collected the data, key points were assigned (or marked) to it, referred to as ‘codes’. Concepts and categories were then then worked out. The categories that emerged are seen within this methodology as the basis of theory generation for the study. This process as been referred to by Glaser and Strauss (1967) as the reverse emergence ‘hypothesis’. Thus, it was considered that to gain information on the participants binge and purging behaviours it was best to ask them about their experiences so as generate theory from their responses, rather than to come to the study with a pre-determined hypothesis or theory which needed testing. As the researcher is part of the ‘research process’ and data collection, ‘reflexivity’, is a feature of the data collection process. This can be divided into ‘personal reflexivity’ and ‘epistemological reflexivity’. ‘Personal reflexivity’ involves the researcher being aware and examining their own values, experiences etc. and how this may have shaped the research. It also involves thinking about how the research may have affected and possibly changed people and researchers. ‘Epistemological reflexivity’ as such, asks how the research question is defined and conducted and how it may of limited what was foundby asking searching questions about the data and its findings (Willig,C. 2001). Jeppson notes, that he was ‘aware’ of himself and the potential influence on the study. Jacobi, collected its data by using a battery of validated Psychological Measures to assess outcomes from the three intervention conditions.They were administered at pre and post treatment, and at 3 months and one year follow up. Descriptive statistics[2] were given using the mean[3] and standard deviation[4] of patients with regard to age, marital status, and education. Frequency of binging and vomiting, onset of these behaviours , lowest BMI etc., no table provided. Data analysis was conducted by using a number of inferential statistical tests, to ‘measure’ and quantify a host of possible influences on the outcome results obtained form the measures of each condition. Individual one-way analyses of variance ( ANOVAs) were used to compare data, i.e., demographics, clinical variables: frequency of binging etc pre and post. The ANOVA technique involves measuring the variance of the group means and comparing that to the variance predicted if all groups were randomly sampled from the same population i.e ANOVA, tests hypotheses about the mean(s) of a dependent variable(s) e.g frequency of binge eating across the different treatment groups, in relation to the independent variables i.e. group condition To analyze the differential effects of the 3 treatments is was originally proposed to use uni and multivariate analyses of covariance[5], e.g .to study the covariance of say mood state with frequency of purging across the treatment conditions, to see if the amount of change between two or more variable maps changes in another variable, an estimate of correlation.[6] Sample size, through attrition was assessed as to small to run theses tests, at one year follow up. The ANOVAs and MANOVA tests used in this study produce the F-statistic[7], which is used to calculate the P-value,[8] and significance. The choice of tests was appropriate[9], given 3 treatment conditions, and the comparative nature of the research question/hypotheses. A intention to treat analysis, conducted for drop-outs was in line with the research protocol for this study design. Quality of studies The two papers have approached the subject of BN from different research designs. It is important when considering research papers to assess their quality, in respect of their chosen methods. Jeppson’s paper, in a my opinion is a well designed study. The aim is suited to qualitative methodology. Assessing the quality of the study as proved challenging as its requires a different set of criteria, from quantitative research (table 1), And Patton (2002), outlines a series of considerations to establish rigor for qualitative research (table 2 ). The use of one interviewer, sample containing severe bulimics (Anorexia?), may have influenced the themes and results Also some ‘reporting issues‘ concerning method etc,, can all factors effecting quality. Table1 . Critical evaluation of qualitative study Table 2. Criteria to establish rigor in qualitative studies Criteria to establish rigor in qualitative methods. Patton (2002) p.552-558 Study:Jeppson et al (2003) Binge and Purge Processes in Bulimia Nervosa: A Qualitative Study My interpretation (a)Persistent observation(b) Peer debriefing (c)Progressive subjectivity (d) Member checks (e)Triangulation (f) Transferability (g) Dependability (h)Authenticity and fairness (i) confirmabilityThemes became redundant before last interview -observationStudy does not mention that this procedure occurred. Unclear in paper- could be implicit in methodology, not mentioned overtly Yes conducted Yes Makes case in conclusion for clinical enrichment and therapeutic alliance Process was of medium/high quality – audit conducted Study was conducted and reported with ‘fairness’ to process Researcher is ‘aware’ of potential influence – audit conducted The Jacobi research aims were entirely suited to the quantitative randomised trial it adopted to look at the effect of the three treatment interventions and there effects in the short and long term . It, however, suffers from a number of serious flaws, undermining its validity and effects when assessed to by RCT quality criteria (Greenhalgh T.,2006). Firstly, the study fails to provide a power calculation. For to detect differences between the three intervention groups using randomisation, it is considered that the study should be ‘powered’ i.e contain enough patients to determine statistical accuracy. Normally 80% is considered the minimum standard of accuracy for clinical trails. (Ellis, Paul D, 2010), and leaves it open to type 2 errors.[10] This was not assisted by the attrition rate, especially at follow up. It contributed to the study being significantly ‘underpowered’, so much so that the results at one year follow-up being of poor quality, the results could be dismissed[11] (Table 3 provides a critical evaluation) Table 3. Critical evaluation of quantitative study. Question Study: Jacobi et al. (2002) Cognitive-behavioural, Fluoxetine and Combined Treatment for Bulimia Nervosa: Short and long term results Does the study address the focussed question?Yes Were the patients randomly selected from a defined population?Patients were selected/recruited by advertisement and referral to the Psychology dept. Of Hamburg University. All had met the diagnostic criteria for BN. Was the assignment of patients to the intervention and control group randomised?There was no control group. Study compared effects of three different treatment conditions. Paper states they were randomised, but does not say how and by what method Were the participants and observers both blinded?Not stated though this difficult to achieve within psychotherapy trials Aside from the intervention were the groups treated equally?Yes Was a follow up completedYes- at I year Did the study have adequate power to see an effect if there was one?No, there was no power calculation provided though this is common in psychotherapy intervention trials/studies. Very high attrition rate – at follow up. Were all the patients who entered the trial properly accounted for?Full disclosure is given about the dropouts, calculations were made that suggest that the results at follow up lack validity Were the results of the trial presented in a manner that allowed for full examination?No: adequate data was presented on tests MANOVA/ANOVA. Ci’s not reported Secondly, the randomization procedure which gives the randomized controlled trial its strength. The investigators did not provide details of the randomization methods its used for the study[12], although this may be attributable to poor reporting, its is a significant emission (Jadad, 1998). The paper whilst providing a range of data, omits to report confidence intervals (CI)[13] for the three conditions and its results, and their were no proposed effect sizes included the aims/hypotheses. Discussion Both studies addressed their research using different methods. Both were appropriate for the investigation, illustrating that methodology needs to be tailored to the aim/hypotheses of the question under investigation. The Jeppson study was well designed, and managed to explore its research aim sufficiently, so some its findings had generalisability in treatment settings, and would benefit the CBT practitioner working with BN and aid ‘therapeutic alliance’ by taking into account its findings. By increasing understanding of how the processes have functions for the individual, well beyond the ‘behaviour’ itself. Jacobi’s study, although ambitious with a good design in principle, was seriously flawed. The under-powering of the study, the absence of good reporting on a number of methods and data, leave the study flawed. Its hypothesis and aims were suited to the methodology, but its sample size and attrition rate made generalizability of the results difficult. It did provide some evidence (weak), that CBT is efficacious for the treatment of BN, which continues in clinical practice. Word Count: 3489 References American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington DC., American Psychiatric Association. Cartwright, N. (2007). â€Å"Are RCTs the Gold Standard?† Biosocieties(2): 11-20. Cresswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA., Sage. Daly, J., Lumley, J. (2002). â€Å"Bias in Qualiative Research.† Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 26(4): 299-230. Ellis, P. D. (2010). The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes: An Introduction to Statistical Power, Meta-Analysis and the Interpretation of Research Results. Cambridge, C.U.P. Glaser, G. B., Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Company. Goldstein, D. J., Olmsted, M., Thompson, V.L., Potvin, j.H., Rampey, A.H. (1995). â€Å"Long term Fluoxitine treatment of bulimia nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry(166): 660-666. Greenhalgh, T. (2006). How to read a paper: the basics of evidence based medicine. London., BMJ Publishing Group. Jacobi, C., Dahme, B. Dittmann, R. (2002). â€Å"Cognitive-Behavioural, Fluoxitine and Combined Treatment for Bulimia Nervosa: Short- and Long-Term Results.† European Eating Disordrs Review(10): 179-198. Jadad, A. R. (1998). Randomised controlled trials: a user’s guide. London, BMJ Books. Jeppson, J. E., Scott Rchards, P., Mac Hardman, R.K. Mac Granle, H. (2003). â€Å"Binge and Purge processes in Bulimia Nervosa: A Qualitative Investigation.† Eating Disorders(11): 115-128. Jones, R. (2007). â€Å"Strength of evidence in qualitative research.† Journal of Clinical Epidemiology(60): 321-323. Lehman, A. K., Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic inquirey. London., Sage. Lindlof, T. R., Taylor, B.C. (2002). Qualitative Communication Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA., Sage Publications Locke, K. (2001). Grounded Theory in Mangement Research. London, Sage Publications. Maxim, P. S. (1999). Quantitaitive research methods in the social sciences. oxford., Oxford University Press. NICE. (2004). Eating disorders: Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. N. I. f. H. a. C. Excellence. Owen, F., Jones R, (1977). Statistics. London, Polytech Publishers. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research Evauation Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA., Sage Publications. Procter, S., Allan, T., Lacey, A. (2010). Sampling. The Research process in Nursing. Eds Gerrish, Lacey, A. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell. Ragin, C. C. (1994). Contructing Social Research: TheUnity and Diversity of Method, Pine Forge Press. Russell, G. (1979). â€Å"Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa.† Psychological Medicine 9(3): 429-480. Stebbins, R. A. (2001). Exploratory Research in the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA:, Sage Publications. W.H.O. (1992). International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva, Switzerland: . Willig, C. (2008). Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology. Maidenhead, Open University Press. Wilson, G. T., Fairburn, C.G. (1993). â€Å"Cognitive treatments for eating disorders.† Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology(61): 261-269. How to cite Principal methods for healthcare research, Essays

I see myself as a quite liberal person on politica Essay Example For Students

I see myself as a quite liberal person on politica Essay l, social, and economic issues. I believe the public has some duties to the government such as pay taxes. In turn, the government should fund programs to help the people who need assistance. Unfortunately, much of the American public has lost its trust in the federal government because of corruption and special interest groups. However, now we are solving many of these problems, and hopefully America will again trust Washington. Once the public puts its trust with its government without criticizing each step of the way, we will see improvements in areas such as education and health care. Through federal mandates, each person will be given the opportunity to receive quality education and health coverage. Political IssuesI believe the federal government has an obligation to protect the rights of its people. America is a melting pot of various cultures from all different parts of the globe. These people all have different backgrounds, family environments, and experiences that affect their views on politics. Because of the diversity of its people, America accordingly has a diversity of political views. It is the duty of the federal government to protect the rights of each of these people whether they are black, white, Asian, conservative, liberal, socialist, or libertarian. The only time the federal government should violate someones rights is when it negatively affects the well being of others. Social IssuesThe federal government has a duty to ensure each person the opportunity to enjoy all the benefits of life. Unfortunately, the federal government has left some issues to be addressed by the states and private industry. One of the biggest issues is education. Many children are forced to attend schools that have less than adequate facilities. Most of these schools are in the inner-city neighborhoods. Their suburban counterparts have much more funding and as a result, better facilities. This has caused a gap in test scores between inner-city schools and suburban schools. If the federal government stepped in and provided equal funding to all schools, this problem would be solved. Also, the federal government has stayed out of health care and left it to industry. Millions of Americans cannot afford health care, and as a result, do not receive the treatment they require. The federal government should step in and supply health care on a federal level to all modeling the Canadian system. This would reduce costs of health care and give everyone the assistance they need. There also is too much discrimination against minorities such as blacks, homosexuals, and women. The federal government needs to help ensure that each person is given a chance to lead a life comparable to that of a member of the majority. Each has the right to live a decent life, and no one can take that away. Economic IssuesCurrently too much of the money is in the hands of the elites who control industries. Too many workers receive too little pay to afford the services they need to raise families in todays world. Big business today controls the wages and forces the workers to work its terms. The federal government should step in to ensure wages at decent levels and jobs to all people. Society should help each individual get onto his or her feet. Then each individual can return the favor and help society.

Process Essay Sample Boosts Your Accomplishments

Process Essays Sample Prompts Process Description The task of the process essay sample is to explain the peculiarities and key points of this kind of academic writing. The students who have to complete this work should be precisely aware of the demands and requirements that are set before them. Hence, it follows that the problem of process description has to be very close and interesting for the writer. So, if the process essay is an essay where some directions and instruction of certain work accomplishment are presented, then the process essay sample is a research paper that clarifies the plan and steps of the activity and in addition to that describes the final results of the procedure. The various types of essays require different skills and knowledge and what concerns the process paper the author has to be experienced in the particular topic of writing. The simple informative description is not the way out in this case. Structure of Essay Writing Essay writing could be considered completed in a good way if the following requirements are preserved: The reader can easily and comfortably read the thesis and is familiar with the topic of explanation; All instructions are organized in a simple, understandable way because the goal of this term paper writing is to assist the reader through his way of a particular procedure accomplishment; The research paper should provide a description of the final results of the process performing or at least the desirable one; Besides the indication of the outcome, it is greatly recommended to describe the possible and typical mistakes which could occur while activity conduction. It is useful for the prevention of some negative results. Everyone also should clearly remember about the structure of the process essay writing. As usual, the main questions, the significance of this work and also possible mistakes during the process completion have to be introduced at the beginning of the essay. The main part consists of the precise explanation of the steps which require the proper procedure performing and it is very important to present this in an as much understandable way as possible. And the final stage is the conclusion where the main suggestions and summaries are included. In any case, you can always use essay writing service Bestessay4u.com which is a competent expert with a qualified team of custom essay writers. Essay writers are experts in different academic fields and there’s no problem for them to provide high-quality process essay even without using process essay sample. They are trained to complete complicated research papers, term papers, and even dissertations. So you do not have to worry if you need a highly complicated academic task as these professionals are always ready to help you.

Free Essays on Music Education

â€Å"Why I chose to enter the Music Education profession and why music is important in school.†  Throughout the years, I have accrued several valid points in why I have chosen to become a Music Educator. Whether it was a wonderful experience, my own personal love for music, aesthetic purposes, or the psychological aspects of music, they are all valid. The reasons that music is important are similar to those of my reasons for my interest in music. I have had wonderful experiences with music in the school systems, but I have also had very bad experiences as well. Robert Bruce, my first true band director, had a deep impact on my practice habits. He was a very hard man to please, but he set reasonable goals. He had a special connection with the students and they respected him enough by behaving while in class or on trips. John Mancinelli was my biggest inspiration to becoming a Band Director. He had a love for music and he showed it in his examples, playing, and teaching. He too had a special connection with each and every student. This will be elaborated later. With all the good apples in my basket of friends comes a bad apple. Mr. Vroble, notice I cannot remember his first name, was the worst band director I have seen. He cared for himself and no one else. His love for music had to have died decades ago. He did not help a single student. The marching band even consisted of primarily fifth graders. All three of these band directors are inspirations to me. Robert and John have shown me how I want to act with the students. Caring and sharing everyday. While Mr. Vroble has shown me that there are band programs that exist that continually break down the joy and importance of music. My love of music was not as strong as it is now. Sure, in the beginning, I liked music, but I wanted to go into the field of Marine Biology. Then I taught my first saxophone lesson and I was hooked. I started to wonder, â€Å"Okay, what ... Free Essays on Music Education Free Essays on Music Education â€Å"Why I chose to enter the Music Education profession and why music is important in school.†  Throughout the years, I have accrued several valid points in why I have chosen to become a Music Educator. Whether it was a wonderful experience, my own personal love for music, aesthetic purposes, or the psychological aspects of music, they are all valid. The reasons that music is important are similar to those of my reasons for my interest in music. I have had wonderful experiences with music in the school systems, but I have also had very bad experiences as well. Robert Bruce, my first true band director, had a deep impact on my practice habits. He was a very hard man to please, but he set reasonable goals. He had a special connection with the students and they respected him enough by behaving while in class or on trips. John Mancinelli was my biggest inspiration to becoming a Band Director. He had a love for music and he showed it in his examples, playing, and teaching. He too had a special connection with each and every student. This will be elaborated later. With all the good apples in my basket of friends comes a bad apple. Mr. Vroble, notice I cannot remember his first name, was the worst band director I have seen. He cared for himself and no one else. His love for music had to have died decades ago. He did not help a single student. The marching band even consisted of primarily fifth graders. All three of these band directors are inspirations to me. Robert and John have shown me how I want to act with the students. Caring and sharing everyday. While Mr. Vroble has shown me that there are band programs that exist that continually break down the joy and importance of music. My love of music was not as strong as it is now. Sure, in the beginning, I liked music, but I wanted to go into the field of Marine Biology. Then I taught my first saxophone lesson and I was hooked. I started to wonder, â€Å"Okay, what ...

Motives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motives - Essay Example Encouraged and facilitated by government, these schemes are designed for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and are used primarily - but not exclusively - for export activities. In general, an export grouping scheme provides the opportunity for member companies to spread the initial costs and risks of international market entry, to share information and experiences, and to pool resources to support stronger promotional efforts. Illustrative uses of network schemes are the 'export circles' in Finland which have the requirement that each circle be kept small and that the companies must be noncompetitive and the Joint Action Group (JAG) scheme in Australia which was initiated by the semi-government agency the Australian Trade Commission as a way of improving performance of Australian exporters. One requirement of such groups is that member companies must accept group-determined goals and activities, which is often difficult for smaller companies to do especially when the group comprises competitors (Pieterse, 2004). Two approaches have been used to form groups: (1) supply based, which starts with formation of a group an; then seeks an opportunity, and (2) demand driven, which starts with an international prospect or opportunity and then the group is formed. Also, to becoming parties

Climate Change Mitigation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Climate Change Mitigation - Research Paper Example Its effects, importance and control procedures, are also evaluated to ensure that sufficient information is provided to various stakeholders to facilitate the development of effective mitigation approaches. Work schedule The following work schedule provides my work itinerary for successful completion of this project No Activity Completion Date 1 First research proposal 24TH Feb 2012 2 Approval by Supervisor 14th March 2012 3 Interview 16th March 2012 4 Library and electronic search 23rd March 2012 5 Final copy preparation 5th April 2012 6 Approval by the supervisor and presentation 28th April 2012 Literature Review Clear understanding of the effects of climatic changes is an imperative element towards building a vibrant future that embraces quality social and economic standards of life. Environmental dilapidation, which is caused by carbon and other toxic emissions to the atmosphere currently, poses a great challenge to the development of businesses due to increased cost of productio n with limited resources in the production chain (Locker & Kaczmarek, 2010). Adverse climatic changes cause immense dilapidation of natural resources, which is vital in developing a strong economy with cute social benefits. Governments and various organizations must sufficiently understand the need for preventing environmental degradation. This significantly occurs through reduction of green house emissions to the environment by major producing industries to ensure a safe environment, which supports social and financial ventures. As indicated by Locker & Kaczmarek (2010), mitigation of climatic changes is the process of providing necessary interventions towards reducing sources of green house gases. These causes require effective mitigation through clear-cut policies and development of stringent measures with an aim of preventing ethical environmental practices. According to Crawford, Davoudi & Mehmood (2009), understanding of the need to mitigate and prevent climatic adverse condit ions is increasingly becoming a major impediment to most organizations. In business organizations, quality of goods produced relates to capacities and strengths provided by the operating environment, which is a basic factor, vital for organizational success. No corporation can effectively administer its trade successfully without proper management of its environment (Crawford et al, 2009). Hence, environmental factors have become an increasingly critical concern for most institutions where regardless of organizational size, environmental issues impacts profitability and general performance. The concept of ecological dilapidation directly affecting atmospheric changes has existed for quite a while. However, it is recently that its awareness has lead to the establishment of measures towards curbing climate issues. Authorities intending to conduct mitigation have made environmental apprehension critical for climate change mitigation (OECD, 2008). Forestation and deforestation are the m ost common activities associated with tackling these environmental challenges. This processes influence the intensity of concentration for green house gases (GHG) within the atmosphere. Therefore, climate change requires immediate solutions than can minimize the long-term shifts that may result to environmental degradation. Its impact in one area directly affects the whole planet, as climate is not confined. Climate mitigation

Essential Criteria For An Ideal Learning Environment English Language Essay

Essential Criteria For An Ideal Learning Environment English Language Essay After World War II, while the bomb damaged parliamentary buildings were being reconstructed, Winston Churchill urged that design of the great oratory halls remain as before. Fearing that a different plan might diminish the importance of their traditional form of debate, he stated, we shape our buildings and then they shape us. His statement raises an important question: Does the man made environment affect how we live and act within it? Commercial, retail and entertainment industries pay close attention to the formation of space. We often judge the quality of a restaurant prior to sampling the cuisine. We are then surprised or justified in our opinions of the quality of a product based on the surroundings within which we experience it. Do schools and classroom spaces enhance or detract from the learning process? Learning is essentially a mental process. So why do we bother with how the classroom looks or feels? Educational philosopher John Dewey urged that the learning environment be humane and attentive to individual children rather than be a form of mass instruction. Exceptional teachers however, sometimes boast of their ability to practice their art anywhere and under adverse circumstances. A fundamental question must be asked: How does one learn? Early discoveries by noted Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget and more recent theories explored by educator Howard Gardner have expanded the more traditional views of the process of learning. Age, sex, culture and individual character greatly influence not only ones ability to learn but indicate a multitude of ways that an individual potentially can learn. Learning is no longer considered merely an accumulation of knowledge but rather the understanding or ability to construct knowledge in meaningful ways for a particular purpose or solution to a well defined problem. The individual style of a teacher, the curriculum being presented, the maturity and learning ability of the individual student must each be accommodated within the classroom space. If these are thoughtfully considered, the new learning environments will enhance, not hinder the learning process. As more is discovered about the learning process, the curriculum and style of pedagogy will periodically be updated, adapted and re-evaluated. The classroom space will also undergo a similar scrutiny. The physical environment then, should not be constructed to manipulate or influence a particular style of teaching or learning, but rather be responsive to and adaptive by individual teacher and student needs. Over the past fifteen years, I have worked with several educators to design, build and remodel dozens of educational facilities. The past two years were spent in observing and researching teaching practices through a masters thesis study. I have concluded that the following six (6) general categories include criteria which are essential components necessary for meeting the demands of learning based schools. Both the designer and the teacher should understand and be aware of these qualities to ensure their careful consideration to construct an optimum learning environment. 1. Size, Shape and Scale: The size of a room affects the possible arrangement of activities within it. Generally, the larger the room, the more flexibility and the smaller, the more intimate. A rectangular shaped room affords more interactive visibility between occupants whereas L shaped ones or ones with alcoves allow for variety of privacy to individual learners. Movable wall devices can accommodate many different shapes. Scientific observations indicate that the student builds confidence through achievement. The ability to relate to elements within a room affords a degree of self empowering through scale that is relative. Size and locations of counters, windows, furniture and storage elements all should be considered or be adapted to the scale of the user(s). 2. Acoustical Quality and Noise Control: Acoustical liveliness is a product of room configuration (parallel walls), surface finishes (hard, soft), material density (solid, hollow) and air tightness (sound transfer). A room designed for music is constructed very differently from one designed for quiet conversation. Shower spaces are great for singing but poor for conducting discussions. If group activities are more prevalent than a single lecture source, rooms should more sound absorptive. Learning is hampered when the teacher or students do not have a common language or when students are unfamiliar with a strange concept if the spoken words are not heard or clearly enunciated. Hard walls such as glass or marker boards should not oppose each other but rather be opposite an open storage areas of differing heights and depths. Disturbing echoes or flutters can also be mitigated by angling walls at least 5 degrees out of their original parallel plane. Carpet on floors and acoustical ceilings cut down on reverberation (sound that continues to bounce). Massive walls or ones with sound insulation prevent exterior noise transfer but only if there is no air gap (walls only to the bottom of suspended ceilings do not help). If windows or doors must be opened for ventilation, a low frequency sound can be used to mask conversations or exterior noise which may disturb individual discussions. 3. Illumination and Views: High energy costs caused the design and production of efficient lighting systems for both business and school facilities. Incandescent fixtures have been replaced by fluorescent fixtures as the most common electric light source within classrooms. The human need and desire for natural sunlight and for views to adjacent spaces (for orientation) requires that the two illumination sources be balanced for a variety of activities. Because daylight varies with the season, time of day, weather and position of glazing, controls are necessary for its admission into the interior. Electric light sources are more easily controlled not only when balancing with sunlight but for the specific tasks that need illumination. Glare caused by the imbalance of light sources within ones field of view or bounced off of a reflective surface (marker board or computer monitor) is one of the major causes of irritation and is a detriment to learning. Knowledge of the extreme ratio of daylight to electric light (a s great as 500:1) requires that control devices for reflecting, shading or blocking be carefully considered. Reflectivity of surface finishes, arrangement and location of light sources as well as their method for diffusion within the classroom all play an important role in the comfort for the student and teacher for the purpose of learning. 4. Temperature, Humidity and Ventilation: Several studies indicate that teachers rather than students are more upset by temperature fluctuations within a classroom. Test scores are not adversely affected by temperatures except under extreme conditions. Students generally like the temperature slightly cooler (5 degrees to 10 degrees) than do teachers. Traditionally, boys or mens clothing insulates their bodies slightly better than does girls or womens clothing. Because the temperature, humidity and ventilation of an enclosed space will depend on a number of factors including the configuration and materials of the building, amount of glazing, size and volume of the space, number of occupants and their current state of activity as well as the heating and cooling system, flexibility for manipulating that system is extremely important for comfort. If the teacher must override existing controls by opening doors or windows to augment their comfort, the system is self defeated and the teacher probably agitated (i.e. not doing the be st teaching). Controls should be independent for each space and be simple to operate. 5. Communication, Electrical Power and Technology: The advent of electrically powered devices over the past four decades has increasingly invaded the home, business and educational environments. From satellite broadcasts to surfing the Internet, learning opportunities are constantly changing. Regardless of the individual pedagogy or curriculum utilized, a variety of electronic tools now augment and have become integral to the classroom. The business community has pioneered and developed flexible systems that are easily planned and readily available now within the classroom environment. Audio and data transfer systems are simple to network and upgrade when necessary. Raceways or conduits provided at regular intervals allow present and future planning of communication, power and technology. Floor (power and data) outlets should be avoided because of the possibility of maintenance or tripping hazards. Counter height and surface outlets, overhead poles or retractable coils provide needed flexibility. 6. Material Finishes, Textures and Colours: More controversy is evoked over the colour or texture of a finish material than any other aspect of its use. Studies indicate that 25 % of the population view or perceive colour differently than do the remaining majority. Colours not only evoke cultural style but have historic and symbolic references as well. Bright and light colours tend to advance and dim or dark colours tend to recede. Smooth surfaces appear harder than do rough textures. Self esteem affects an individuals learning progress. Since much of the work displayed within a classroom is student work, ease of display is extremely important. Surface colours must be none competing with exhibited work. Tack able wall surfaces are created with either sound absorbent (tack able) board or vinyl wall material wrapped around a durable surface and then adhered to the substrate. Finishes within reach of students should be cleanable, durable and/or replaceable. Apart from the finish of materials, the perception of newness or cleanlin ess also affects learning. Equivalent schools were observed as one was repainted and the other was not. Attendance and test scores improved dramatically in the facility which was simply refinished. Conclusions on Interrelationships: It is obvious that all of these criteria are interrelated. A small habitable space with a large amount of glazing with southern exposure (in the northern hemisphere) will most likely be bright and warm on a clear day. If a window is opened adjacent to a playground, noise will penetrate the room. If walls are finished with a glossy paint over hard surfaces such as plaster, speech will be difficult to understand especially as more individuals speak simultaneously. If a marker or chalk board is opposite an exterior window, it will be difficult to see because of the resultant glare. If floors are finished with a composition tile which was intended for easier maintenance, the room will reverberate and be livelier than if finished with carpet. If the carpet colour is plain and either very light or dark, it will quickly appear to be dirty. There is nothing new or remarkable about these environmental considerations. We consider most of them when using our native common sense. We often make individual adjustments to our living and learning space(s) to be more functional or comfortable. However, sometimes these adjustments may diminish an others opportunity for learning. Tin foil or shades on windows reduce occasions for a view of the sky, a beautiful sunset, the landscape or an outside object used to illustrate a particular lesson. Shrinking the height of an existing classroom to reduce heating or cooling costs may alter the sound qualities or prevent the display of student work. Brightly coloured walls or high light levels may increase glare and possibly unwanted heat gain through lamp radiation. Hard cleanable surfaces may simplify maintenance tasks but increase reverberation or prevent teacher or student displays and consequently provide an atmosphere which is unpleasant to learn or teach within. All of these well int ended decisions resulted in unintentional problems which are known to affect childrens learning ability or make education more difficult. When planning or remodelling a classroom environment, a successful (subjective) learning space requires that both the educator and environmental designer understand the affects of each criteria quality with respect to learning as well as each criterias interrelationship to each other. A good classroom must include the possibility for individual control as well as provide a well proportioned, stimulating and comfortable learning space which takes advantage of local character, solar orientation, appropriate views, and proper functional interaction with adjoining learning elements and strong connections with the surrounding community. Allowing teachers to easily adapt learning environments to their individual pedagogical style(s) will increase the opportunity for student learning.

Tourette Syndrome Essay examples -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Tourette Syndrome Tourette syndrome is an inherited severe neurological disorder usually occurring before the age of eighteen and is associated with a degree of facial and body tics sometimes accompanied by random declarations of phrases or obscenities (2,3). The facial and body tics associated with the disorder can be painful and even embarrassing. Involuntary body movements such as jaw snapping, gyrating, hopping, and obscene gesturing are to name a few (1). Tourette Syndrome was named after a French neuropsychiatrist named Gilles de la Tourette who successfully assessed the disorder in the late 1800’s(3). Tourette Syndrome claims no specific race or ethnicity. The disorder generally can affect any ethnic group yet it does affect three to four times more males than it does females (3). Although just a mere decade ago Tourette Syndrome was frequently misdiagnosed as schizophrenia, Sydenham’s chorea, epilepsy, or nervous habits, its symptoms are now differentiated and specific case related. Tourette Syndrome is a case sensitive genetic disorder that varies from generation to generation. However, not everyone that carries the genetic make up of Tourette Syndrome will express those symptoms (1). Coined as the term autosomal dominate, when one parent is a carrier or expresses symptoms of having Tourette syndrome, there is a 50/50 chance the child will receive the gene from the parent (1,4). There are several behavioral and cognitive difficulties associated with the tics that many with Tourette Syndrome experience. Although Tourette Syndrome may present itself as a disorder of motor and vocal tics, it is much more complex. Commonly linked with Tourette Syndrome is attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity(A... ...r bodies just can’t control. While we think of behavior as a voluntary physical action, Tourette Syndrome reminds us that it is not. Without proper brain function our behavior can become totally involuntary and have a ‘mind’ of its own. Behavior is not a result of a physical bodily movement. Behavior may start in the brain and the type of behavior emitted is thus a result of the manner by which that brain functions. However it is also important to be opened minded and realize that sometimes our bodies can react without direct causation of the brain. Internet Sources: 1)htttp://www.mentalhealth.com/book/p40-gtor.html; Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Tourette Syndrome 2)Dictionary.com/tourette syndrome 3)http://www.tsa-usa.org/; Tourette Syndrome Association, Inc. 4)http://members.tripod.com/~tourette13/; The Facts About Tourette Syndrome

Monkey trial

Monkey Trial offers imminent into American history topics with regional differences, community standards in developing teaching programs, the division of church and state, freedom of speech, the legal system, and the media's impact on court cases, the reasons for individual or regional economic success, great speeches and the art of speech. On the second day of Kansas' mock trial of evolution, Kathy Martin produced a moment to remember. Martin a member of Kansas' Board of Education and part of a 6-4 majority that appears dead set on varying state standards so the creationist theory of intellectual design, and perhaps other religious ideas, can be educated in science classes along with development. Martin and her creationist contemporaries are set to make a report lately issued by scientists and educators on Kansas' curriculum committee, which wants to keep the state's solid science standards intact. But Martin had trouble even clearing just what she hates about the existing standards. Martin, did not really read the program committee's report, nor does she think such inspection is essential. â€Å"Please don't feel bad that you haven't read the whole thing, because I haven't   Ã‚   read it myself.† (Martin) To clarify, Martin later explained: â€Å"I'm not a word-for-word reader in this kind    of technical information.† (Martin) So it went at Kansas' development hearings, which finished Thursday, a Board of Education event where an existing understanding of all that irritating technological information implicated in science was in fact measured unnecessary to reach a decision on evolution. Nonetheless, having staged its complicated mock trial, inclusive with indication and cross-examination, the board is likely to approve by August new guidelines that many feel will allow religious views to be a part of science education. Fearing the fix was by now in for creationism, scientists around the world stick to a KCFS-organized boycott of the event, regarding it as a publicity stunt concocted by officials. The Trial started in Topeka and the Topeka civil rights lawyer Pedro Irigonegaray, who finished matters with a presentation stressing the religious underpinnings of clever design — the modern version of the 19th century disagreement that life is too composite to have developed incrementally from easy forms. Krebs, a science teacher who co-founded Kansas Citizens for Science like others around the country who have stood up for evolution in recent years, regards the present creationist obsession on intelligent design as a lodge, planned to open the door to the opening of a wide range of creationist ideas in science classrooms. For that matter, he also views the complete struggle over development as only a lodge in the religious right's efforts to tear down the constitutional wall between church and state. Indeed, while the battle over development is not essentially fought along severe party lines, it holds many of the familiar dynamics of modern American party politics. Evolution's supporter feels they have the facts on their side but confess they resist with satisfaction within their electorate. The pro-evolution forces also admit they must catch up to creationists in organization and strategy, in order to combat a well-funded, aggressive opposition with a liking for slick sound bites, message discipline, and a current strategy of cloaking radical aims in innocuous-sounding rhetoric. More than everything else, the environment of the struggle in Kansas reveals how much creationist strategy have changed since the state's 1999 anti-evolution episode. Now as then, the driving force behind the creationists is Steve Abrams, a veterinarian, former Kansas gubernatorial candidate, one-time chairman of the state Republican Party, and current chairman of the Board of Education. In 1999, however, Abrams and his allies supported a version of creationism heavily reliant on the biblical creation stories in the book of Genesis. By contrast, for this month's hearings, the Board of Education brought in a long string of advocates of intelligent design, who argued that standard evolutionary biology is based on incomplete evidence and that some sort of designer must have been at work to develop life. Bibliography In Kansas, A Sharp Debate on Evolution Educators Consider Intelligent Design By Peter Slevin Washington Post Staff Writer Friday, May 6, 2005; Page A01 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/05/AR2005050501927.html

Alternative To Conventional Banking And Jordan Islamic Bank Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2426 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Islamic Banking Is a bank that is governed on the principles of Islamic law (also known Shariah) and guided by Islamic economics. Two main conditions must be fulfilled in order to be an Islamic Bank Sharing of profit and loss and, The prohibition of the collection and payment of interest In order to further explore the Islamic banking I have selected the Jordan Islamic Bank for my research report. Jordan Islamic Bank (Introduction) Mission Statement Commitment to apply the latest innovative products in the banking technology to meet the expectations and needs of customers and to maintain a competitive edge. Background Jordan Islamic came into being in 1978 as public shareholding limited company. It started its operation as core Islamic institution right now its operating in all kinds of banking, financing and investment business operations in compliance with the glorious Islamic Shariah. Its headquartered is in Amman, Jordan. It has now 56 branches and 12 cash offices, as well as 74 ATMs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alternative To Conventional Banking And Jordan Islamic Bank Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Governing Rule and Risk Management Strategies It has started its operations under and in accordance with the provisions of Jordan Islamic Banks Special Law, which was superceded by one chapter on Islamic banks in the Banks Law which was in effect as of 2nd August, 2000. The Board of Directors report included the banks Corporate Governance Guide which was affected on 31/12/2007. This Guide has been prepared in accordance with the Guiding Principles of Corporate Management issued by the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), the instructions of the Central Bank of Jordan and the best related international practices. The top management of the Jordan Islamic Bank is applying effective management policies against to hedge the Credit Risk, Country Risk, Operational Risk, Human Operation Risk, and Market Risk. The JIB is appropriate evaluate, appraisal and monitor the credit risk of the customer in order to fulfilled the collateral securities and cash margin of his institution. The JIB is used CAMEL Rating and SWOT Analysi s in order to reduce the bank credit and equity risk. Recent Rating The Banks rating has increased from (BB+STABLE) to (BBB-STABLE) according to the rating of Capital Intelligence. Main Body of Jordan Islamic Bank Merit of the Jordan Islamic Bank Product and Services Promoting Islamic Banking The bank continued to bear its social and cultural responsibilities which exceed strengthening Islamic values in the normal banking transactions or doing social or cultural activities, to the positive interaction with these activities through: The bank participated in a number of conferences and seminars pertaining to the Islamic Development Bank (IDB), Al Baraka Banking Group (ABG), General Council for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions (CIBAFI), Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI), or the Al Baraka Annual Fiqh Seminar and other conferences and boards which work to improve the operations of Islamic banks. Producing Scientific Research The banks interest in scientific research and professional training activities continued. The expenses of the banks training institute, the internal costs of teaching and training employees, Banking Studies of the Central Bank Institute, as well as the expenses of donations and sponsorship of scientific conferences and educational institutions reached about JD (281) thousand. Donations The bank continued supporting a lot of social and cultural events and presenting donations to its activities since the total donations reached about JD (340.9) thousand to support the Hashmite Jordanian Fund for Human Development, King Abdullah II Fund Poverty Pockets, Safety Fund for Orphans Future, Charitable Hashmite Association, Quran Preservation Associations, the donations presented to the mosques building committees and Zakat committees, in addition to other charitable associations inside the kingdom . Al-Qard Al-Hassan The bank continued presenting Al-Qard Al-Hassan for justified social purposes such as education, medicine and marriage. Al-Qard Al-Hassan granted by the bank in 2008 reached about JD (21.8) million from which (19.3) thousand citizens benefited against about JD (8.7) million from which (19.1) thousand citizens benefited in 2007. Financing professionals and craftsmen The bank continued applying the program which was established in 1994 and dedicated to finance the craftsmens businesses and projects by Al-Musharaka method whose number reached (77) projects till the end of 2008, while the total financing granted to them reached about JD (1.7) million in addition to financing the bank offers to this category of citizens by Al-Murabaha method. Mutual Insurance Fund The bank continued managing the Mutual Insurance Fund for the banks debtors which was established in 1994. During 2008, the number of cases compensated from this fund reached (98) and the compensations paid from it reached about JD (320) thousand. The total indemnity cases since the funds establishment till the end of 2008 reached (975) and the compensations paid form it reached about JD (2.48) million. The funds balance at the end of 2008 reached about JD (22.36) million, and the outstanding number of participants in this fund reached about (100) thousand while the outstanding balance of their debts reached about JD (321) million. The Bank has raised the insurance limit as of 1/8/2007 to include people with debts reaching JD (40) thousand or less, instead of JD (25) thousand or less in the past years. Economic Contribution The Bank also continued investing in the capitals of national companies whose main activities comply with the rules of Islamic Sharia and which produce goods and services of public interest for the national community and economy. The number of companies that the Bank invested in their capitals reached (32) companies whereas the investment volume reached about JD (46.5) million. Major JIB Products Services: The Bank carries out, for its own account as well as for the accounts of others, all kinds of banking and financing activities on a non-usurious basis. Jordan Islamic Bank provides banking, financing, and investment services to individuals and institutions in compliance with the Islamic Sharia in Jordan. It accepts various deposit products, including trust deposits; and joint investment accounts, such as savings, specified investment, notice, and term accounts. The company also offers: Money transfer, Letters of credit, , Letters of guarantee Safe boxes, Travelers checks, commercial papers, and e-banking services. Interest-free loans (Al-Qird Al-Hassan) to meet certain social obligations; Swift and Money Gram services. Further, the company conducts feasibility studies on behalf of its clients, as well as on behalf of other parties and provides various advisory services. Jordan Islamic Bank offers its services through 56 branches and 12 cash offices, as well as 74 ATMs. Detailed Review of Products Services Accepting of deposits in JD and in foreign currencies in the following accounts: Current and demand accounts. Joint investment accounts: saving, notice, fixed accounts as well as Mudaraba, Restricted investment accounts and Investment by proxy accounts. Investing in Islamic investment modes such as Mudaraba, Musharaka, Murabaha, Direct investments, Istisna and leasing ending in the transfer of ownership. Issuing and printing of banking cards issued In-House including Visa card, (Smart Card) (Chip Pin), Visa Electron and Master Card. Issuing of ATM cards (24 hour service). Accepting of cheques and collection of financial papers. Using the S.W.I.F.T system for issuing LCs and for money transfers. Speed cash services through Westerns Union. Opening of LCs. Speed cash payments Western Union. Buying and selling of foreign currencies on spot value basis only. Issuing of cheques in foreign currencies. Renting of safe boxes. Management of manag eable properties on behalf of owners. Participating in the capitals of companies. Acting as agent at Amman bourse for buying and selling shares and investment certificates issued on a non-usurious basis In this regard, the Bank has established Sanabel Al-khair Company for Financial Investments in 2006 to take the place of the Financial Brokerage Office that belongs to the Bank. Giving AL-Qard AL-Hassan (interest free loan) to needy citizens to enable them meet certain obligations such as marriage, education and medication expenses. E-banking. Providing SMS Service by mobile phones. Providing secure shopping via the internet (VBV). Table about Financial highlights of JIB FY 2007-2008 Explanation of detailed analysis of Jordan Islamic Bank Financial Statement FY 2008 Jordan Islamic Bank has continued its course in deepening the experience of the Islamic Banking Industry, strengthening conviction in the ability of the Glorious Islamic Sharia in dealing effectively with every new developments in conformity with all rules, regulations, instructions and monitoring methods that govern all banks in Jordan, with the commitment to its mission, and the confirmation of its place in the Jordanian banking market, exceeding all obstacles and achieving more growth in its different activities. The following is the summery of the 30 the annual report and the final financial statements for 2008 which were discussed and approved by the banks General Assembly in its meeting which was held on Monday 29 the April 2009 in the Head Office Building: In 2008, JIB achieved an increase in pre-tax profits reached about JD (50.1) million with an increase of (45.7%) compared to 2007 and an average return on shareholders equities reached about (34%) while the after-tax pr ofits reached about JD (35.1) million with an increase of about (52.9%) compared to 2007 and an average return on shareholders equities reached about (23.87%). The profits of the Joint Investment Accounts before distribution grew by (34.8%) as it reached about JD (101.75) million against about JD (75.5) million in 2007. The total balance sheet reached about JD (1.848) billion with a growth of about (15.7%), when including Managed Accounts (Specified Investment Accounts, Muqarada Bonds and Investment by Proxy) which are off the balance sheet, the total balance sheet increases to reach about JD (2.170) billion against JD (1.93) billion at the end of 2007. The increase in financing and investment reached about JD (196.1) million with a growth of (21.3%) since the investment banks activities in (Musharaka, Murabaha and other investments) reached about JD (1114.6) billion against JD (917.9) million in 2007. At the and of 2008, the total financing and investment balances including I nvestment Portfolios, Specified Investment and Investment by Proxy reached about JD (1.391) million distributed on (108.3) thousand transactions against about JD (1.192) million at the end of 2007 distributed on (96.6) thousand transactions. The total Savings Schemes at the end of 2008 reached about JD (1.882) million distributed to JD (702.3) thousand performing accounts against JD (1.677) million at the end of 2007 distributed to (632.9) thousand performing accounts. The balance of Investment Portfolios Accounts / Muqarada Bonds reached about JD (194.5) million, the Specified Investments balance reached about JD (88) million, and the Investment by Proxy Account balance reached about JD (9.5) million. According to these figures, the banks total assets to the total assets of the performing banks in Jordan reached (7.3%). The banks total Savings Schemes to the total clients deposits in the performing banks in Jordan reached (10.3%) and the total balances of financing and invest ment to the total direct credit facilities for the performing banks in Jordan reached about (10.9%). The financing operations carried out by the bank included different activities, social and economic utilities; healthy utilities such as hospitals, clinics, medicine companies, educational utilities such as universities, schools, educational institutions, different real estate and industrial projects, means of transportation services in addition to financing the commercial sector. With respect to financing citizens necessary needs, the report showed that at the end of 2008, the number of beneficiaries from the banks financings for construction materials, houses, transportation, construction trucks and furniture reached (32574), and the financing balance they got reached about JD (262.5) million, while the outstanding balance for financing lands, houses, construction materials, means of transportation, construction trucks and furniture reached about JD (523.9) million from which (8 3203) citizens benefited. Shareholders equities as on 31/12/2008 reached about JD (161) million against about JD (133.5) million at the end of 2007 with a growth of (20.6%), while the Capital Adequacy Ratio according to the standards set by the Central Bank of Jordan reached (13.73%) exceeding the limit approved which is (12%), and also exceeds the limit approved by Basel Committee which is (8%). The indicator reached (31.01%) according to the standards approved by the Auditing and Accounting Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI). At the beginning of 2008, the bank started full application of the accrual basis in recording the Murabaha Profits financed by JD from the Joint Investments funds after applying this principle gradually during the last four years, in conformity with the plan agreed upon with the Central Bank of Jordan. During 2008, the bank has achieved more developing operations in the field of banking technologies: Completing preparations t o apply the new banking system (ICBS) including setting a connection system to link it with the financial banking system JIB. Installing new (6) ATMs to be (69), all of them are linked to the clients accounts and the national network (JONET) which consists of about (630) ATMs and the International Visa Network outside Jordan. The bank continued applying the concept of (Investment Portfolios / Muqarada Bonds), and spreading its use as a Saving Scheme which leads to perform an organized secondary market where these bonds can be circulated and liquidated any time which leads to an increase in the people willing to deal with this financial instrument whose balance reached about JD (224.5) million. During 2008, the number of the banks employees reached (1656), and the bank delegated two employees to get the Doctorates Degree, five to the Masters and six to the Bachelors. The banks training institute during 2008 witnessed more activities, since (3021) employees participated in co urses and seminars organized by the institute and other specialized centers inside and outside Jordan against (1817) employees participated in 2007. These courses covered different activities and banking, financial, administrative and legitimate works which the employees need to improve their skills. The bank also continued creating training opportunities to new students from the educational institutions to be familiar with the banks works since the number of the banks training students during 2008 reached (525). With respect to the banks plan for 2009, the bank continued varying and developing its banking services, expanding in issuing Muqarada Bonds and strengthening dealing with it, expanding in Lease Ending-in-Ownership method, expanding in the programs of financing professionals, craftsmen and small businesses to contribute in creating new job opportunities. In addition, The Bank completed the preparations to open two branches in Khalda/Amman and Al-Shounah Al-Shamalia/Irbid . The bank also intends to make both Al-Qasr offices in Al-Karak and Al-Dholeil to become a branch, and open a new office in Sama Al-Rousan / Irbid. In addition, the bank will install new ATMs and replace the old ones with updating and developing the communication systems and networks to convoy to the new technologies and development in the Banks operations including applying a new banking system (ICBS) instead of the existing one (JIB) which will be more able to meet the Banks accelerating operations and to conform with the banking technological developments, and to adopt new banking technologies and deepen and develop the Corporate Governance Principles in the Bank, as well as applying Basel II requirements. Conclusion The Jordan Islamic Bank is offering different versatile and research oriented product in this banking operation. They are lot of merit of JIB which we explain above in our report. The JIB Financial statement very much improves as compare the last FY 2007.